Egyptian Revolution of 1919 - 1196 Words

The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 was a countrywide non-violent revolution against the British occupation of Egypt. It was carried out by Egyptians from different walks of life in the wake of the British-ordered exile of revolutionary leader Saad Zaghlul and other members of the Wafd Party in 1919. The event led to Egyptian independence in 1922 and the implementation of a new constitution in 1923 The event is considered to be one of the earliest successful implementations of non-violent civil disobedience in the world and has been followed immediately by similar actions in the Indian independence movement led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. The 1919 revolution in Egypt consisted of months of civil disobedience against the British†¦show more content†¦This was the result of Egypt’s increasing involvement in the war, despite Britain s promise to shoulder the entire burden of the war. During the war, the British poured masses of foreign troops into Egypt, conscripted over one and a half million Egyptians into the Labour Corps, and requisitioned buildings, crops, and animals for the use of the army.[2] In addition, because of allied promises during the war (such as President Wilson s Fourteen Points), Egyptian political classes prepared for self government. By war’s end the Egyptian people demanded their independence.[3] Events Shortly after the First World War armistice of November 11 was concluded in Europe, a delegation of Egyptian nationalist activists led by Saad Zaghlul made a request to High Commissioner Reginald Wingate to end the British Protectorate in Egypt and Sudan, and gain Egyptian representation at the next peace conference in Paris. The delegation also included Ali Sha rawi Pasha, Abd al-Aziz Fahmi Bay, Muhammad Ali Bay, Abd al-Latif al-Makabati Bay, Muhammad Mahmud Pasha, Sinut Hanna Bay, Hamd Pasha al-Basil, Gurg Khayyat Bay, Mahmud Abu al-Nasr Bay, Mustafa al-Nahhas Bay and Dr. Hafiz Afifi Bay.[4] Meanwhile, a mass movement for the full independence of Egypt and Sudan was being organized at a grassroots level, using the tactics of civil disobedience. By then, Zaghlul and the Wafd Party enjoyed massive support among the Egyptian people.[5] WafdistShow MoreRelatedPrincess Nazly Mostafa Bahgat Fadel 1551 Words   |  6 PagesPrincess Nazly Mostafa Bahgat Fadel was the granddaughter of Mohamed Ali Pasha, the founder of the Egyptian monarchy, and one of the most important figures of the family. Born in the late 19th Century, Fadel grew up between Europe and modern-day Turkey where she was able to get an education that combines western modernity and eastern traditions. In 1877, her husband Khalil Pasha Sherif was appointed as the Ottoman Ambassador to France. During this time, Nazly Fadel began to interact with the FrenchRead MoreCommentary on Erez Manela’s The Wilsonian Moment 1081 Words   |  4 Pagesof Anticolonial Nationalism is a monograph that attempts to reconstruct the story of colonial world at the end of Wilsonian moment. The book’s title, The Wilsonian Moment is alluding to the crucial period that lasted from autumn of 1918 to spring of 1919, when the Allied victory were confident that President Woodrow Wilson’s ideas for a new world will become successful until the terms of the Treaty of Versailles became public and the failure of the Wilson’s promise became evident. Erez Manela saysRead MoreWretched of the Earth Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesattitude entails drastic and violent methods. Through this violence the revolution can succeed. Yet even after the colonial regime is removed, the infrastructure that was imposed continues to control the people. The bourgeoisie, the individuals who led the revolution leave the proletariat and the peasants disappointed. That which they have been promised is often unfulfilled or can only be considered insufficient. The spirit of revolution remains, and in time the proletariat will rise again, continuing toRead MoreThe Egyptian Feminist Union Essay1754 Words   |  8 Pagesboth pictures, in 1919 and in 2011, a unified demand of being liberated is portrayed and the rebellion of women is at its height. Firstly in 1919 with Zaghloul, the wife of a national leader Saad Zaghloul, was one of the most powerful women of her period. She was She led on that fateful day in May, a demonstration with more than 500 women and opened her house for the Wafd Party. Her husband had been exiled several times, during which she was considered the â€Å"Mother of the Egyptians†. After her husbandRead MoreThe Discovery Of The World War II1459 Words   |  6 Pagesoil despite the conflicts that were going on around the globe. Along with the great production and output of oil from Egypt, after World War II the success of oil discovery continued. â€Å"The first post-war exploration success came in 1946 when Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields Ltd. in partnership with Socony-Vacuum oil Co., struck oil in a wildcat well at Sudr, on the east coast of the Sinai Peninsula† (Middle East Reservoir Review 23). This well soon proved to be crucial in the next two years after the war,Read MoreNationalist Movements of the Middle East and South Asia after WW11065 Words   |  5 Pagesat the end of the war. The Egyptian nationalist elites decided to form a Wafd (meaning â₠¬Ëœdelegation’ in Arabic) party under the leader Sa’d Zaghlul that rid the British in 1936 from the Suez Canal. However, they did very little to alleviate the misery of the majority. Rather, Egyptian politicians held office just to increase their own family fortune and had no time for land reforms and public works projects that the peasantry desperately needed. Thus, the Egytian revolution led to backwardness. Read MoreStudy Guide Chapter 28 Ap World History2761 Words   |  12 Pagesof the Austrian forces. D) featured bloody trench warfare in which almost no land changed hands. E) was as bloody as the Western Front. Page Ref: 650-651 12) Which of the following was NOT a feature of war on the home front between 1914 and 1919? A) Governments organized the major sectors of the economy to ration resources and production. B) Executive branches of government increasingly took over from parliaments. C) Governments controlled public opinion through manipulation of mass mediaRead MoreAnalysis on Fate of a Cockroach3961 Words   |  16 Pages(October 9, 1898 – July 26, 1987) was a prominent Egyptian writer. He is one of the pioneers of the Arabic novel and drama. He was born in Alexandria, Egypt, the son of an Egyptian wealthy judge and a Turkish mother The triumphs and failures that are represented by the reception of his enormous output of plays are emblematic of the issues that have confronted the Egyptian drama genre as it has endeavored to adapt its complex modes of communication to Egyptian society. Early life Tawfiq Ismail al-Hakim wasRead MoreThe Fall Of The Ottoman Empire1357 Words   |  6 PagesAfter the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1919, United States President Woodrow Wilson put in a large effort in starting the League of Nations. The League, founded on January 10, 1920, pushed for a mandate system in the Middle East, replacing that of the Sykes-Picot. The mandates took away the sovereignty of the territory’s previous owner and transferred controlment to individual states in the Allied Powers. France came to own Syria and modern-day Lebanon and both Iraq and Palestine became BritishRead MoreDemocracy As Student Mobilization : How Student Unions Will Change The Future Of Egypt5173 Words   |  21 Pageseducation raises participation in support of a broad-based regime (democracy) relative to that in support of a narrow-based regime (dictatorship). Therefore, in transitional contexts, education increases the likelihood of successful democratic revolutions against dictatorship s, and reduces that of successful anti-democratic coups. Empirical political behavior research has consistently observed a robust and positive relationship between education and political engagement. The notion that formal educational

An Organization That Has A Human Resource Department Essay

Since I have had almost no experience in working for an organization that has a Human Resource department, I chose to do some research on a well-known, successful company that started in the Bay Area, in Northern California. This company has been consistently rated as the best company to work for in the world and it credits its success to its innovative Human Resources policies. Its headquarters are in Mountainview, California ( a 45- minute drive from my house) with many amenities for employees such as wellness centers, indoor roller hockey rinks, and over 100,000 hours of subsidized massages given out each year. GOOGLE has designed its Human Resource practices, coined â€Å"People Operations† (sometimes referred to as POP’s), as not just an administrative function of the company but as a close relationship between employees and employers. POP’S retain talent by using competitive compensation packages and other incentives. The GOOGLE philosophy is that with the right tools (such as having happy employees), you can attract the best talent and gain a productive staff. They are very pro-active in their strategic human resource management (SHRM) planning. They pride themselves in using data and analysis to find out what makes people and teams work effectively. Since the company is based on market research, trends, and forecasting, it’s no wonder that they would put some of these skills into hiring and retaining their employees by relying heavily on gap analysis. The HRShow MoreRelatedCurrent Information Systems Within Human Resources1398 Words   |  6 Pageswit hin Human Resources The Human Resources department is currently working on bring the information systems platform into the 21st century. Excel has been a good tool to use within the HR department. 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Human resource professionals are responsible for many of the day to day contributions of an organization such as recruitment, hiring, retention, and management of existing and new employees. They a re also responsible for maintaining and keeping track of all the different rules and regulations set forthRead MoreSummary of Human Resource Management1577 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant that human research management to transform from being primarily administrative and operational to strategic partner. The reason is it important is because the human resource department plays a crucial role in determining the culture of an organization. Human resources promote and implement policies and procedures. The key areas are hiring practices, compensation, management relations and employee conduct and behavior. The decisions made by the human resources department will effect an

Essay on Liberty and Society Free Essays

The good society. In a good society, an individual can experience both freedom and justice. But these ideas, freedom and justice, are still debatable. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Liberty and Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Could these ideas really exist with each other? The existence of both freedom and justice are both limited by many factors. Freedom is to be able to exercise your desires, to freely express your feelings, you expressions, and to be able to live your life in a way that you enjoy it. The limitation though, is when your freedom overlaps other people’s freedom, whether negatively or positively. Like freedom of expression, when you do so it affects other people, like their freedom to choose a religion; then there is injustice there. That is where the concept of justice enters. Justice is there to correct people’s mistakes, so that they would not further step on other people’s freedom. It is not punishment, but it could be a means to punish. Justice is the idea that sets guidelines to one’s freedom. It is there to make sure that you remain fair and observe law and order. This is all for the good of all, not only for yourself, but of the community. Different views. Henry George and John Stuart Mill are both brilliant people with different views of society and how people should live. They have almost inverse, opposing ideas about the way people should go about their lives and their communities. Majority Rules. For Mill, it is the majority that rules, wherein they are the ones who impose a law on questions of duty to others, regarding their own self interest, and   so be able to impose economic injustice to minority individuals and to groups(Mill, p.4). For George, it is not the majority that rules and must decide on rules to impose on others. It is the interest of the people that we should decide on what rules we impose. For George, the movement towards equality is important, wherein the majority or the rich are not the ones who have the power to make rules. George states that when you remove the root of all problems, which is the individual right to land, you are taking it away from priority of occupation, the most illogical ground where land ownership is defended. According to Henry George, â€Å"Priority of occupation give exclusive and perpetual title to the surface of a globe on which, in the order of nature, countless generations succeed each other! Had the men of the last generation any better right to the use of this world than we of this? Or the men of a hundred years ago? Or a thousand years ago? Had the mound-builders, or the cave-dwellers, the contemporaries of the mastodon and the three-toed horse, or the generations’ still further back, who in dim aeons that we can think of only geologic periods, followed each other on the earth we now tenant for our little day? ( George, VII.I.28)† George points out those imposing rules such as individual rights to land would greatly induce poverty, thus creating inequality. When there is inequality, there is abuse from the people above, thus creating injustice in the system. Who would want to experience injustice? The real problem lies on the hands of the people who are on top, who are manipulating the situation for their benefits. It is a great burden to carry for the people affect, the masses, the poor people who are work-stricken in order for them to live, the ones who are sweating it all out, while the real people benefiting are on their warm offices relaxing, waiting for the money to come to their pockets. George stresses that these inequalities must be resolved, and offers us a solution. That is to make the land a a common property, a property for all, not only for the rich, thus reducing the terms rich and poor, to a term better known as equals. These equal rights not only promote the availability of these resources to everyone, but also the respect to other people’s rights. He appropriates his rights to the land with respect to what other people have, thus being able to distribute the use of these resources with the other people. Land Distribution. For Mill, a free society doesn’t have laws that states that the government should take land from the rich people to give to the poor. Land distribution, or the distribution of the wealth of these rich people is not a law in a free society. The government has no right to take away these lands in order to give to the poor. That kind of action is not a manifestation of freedom because you are imposing that the lands be distributed. Freedom is being able to own lands that you desire, in a means that is lawful and does not violate any laws. Freedom does not entail that the government takes away if you have much of that something. Freedom is letting you own what you are able to own, not distributing it to others. But George has a different point of view. He said that the unequal distribution of wealth is the real problem of the modern civilization. He then stated that if you look at it carefully, it is clear that this unequal distribution of wealth traces back to the institution of private property in land. George said that because of this institution, there is no increase in productive power that is beneficial for all the people, and the existence of this institution further worsens the situation. But for George, distribution of this private property, private ownership of land, doesn’t pose any good effects or is impracticable (George, VI.II.1). But he proposes a way on how to deal with this problem, a way to remove an evil, he said, is by removing its cause. He explained that poverty intensifies as wealth increases, and wages are decreased while the productive power rises. The cause of all these is the monopoly of land, which is where the money comes from, the field of labor. So in order to rid us of this poverty, to level of the wages, only the way the law states that they should be, then the individual ownership of land should be ceased, thus substituting common ownership (George, VI.II.2). He then concluded that the chain of reasoning has led to this decision, wherein both by deduction and induction breaks down to the unequal ownership of land means unequal distribution of wealth. Unequal ownership would then be associated to the private ownerships, individual property in land. Thus, it follows that when you make land a common property, it removes the problem of unequal distribution of land. Money allocation. For Mill, he stressed that in a free society, the government – as the public’s representative, should not have a veto on the way a person or a member of the society spends their money (Mill, p.97). But for George, he presents yet another different point of view. For him, the universe is in harmony, and so must be everything within it. Equality should be practiced and if we are to hope for equality, we must associate this with social development and must have harmony with other reforms. He proposes to show that the universe does not deny people to aspire for something, does not deny the people to want something, yet in order for the society to have progress, there must be equality, wherein all motives must lead towards equality, not inequality. Even though there are objections, George sees it as a part of the solution, wherein the eradication of this evil is to provide equality, to stop the unjust distribution of wealth, the people should have equality. What we spend is also affected, for George; we must work on towards that equality. Henry George said, â€Å"All this I propose to show. I propose to meet all practical objections that can be raised, and to show that this simple measure is not only easy of application, but that it is a sufficient remedy for all the evils which, as modern progress goes on, arise from the greater and greater inequality in the distribution of wealth – that it will substitute equality for inequality, plenty for want, justice for injustice, social strength for social weakness, and will open a grander and nobler advances of civilization.(George, VI.II.8)† George proposes that everyone practice equality in order to maintain the justice for all. This includes all the actions towards people’s wants, including their budget and expenditures, wherein they are responsible for watching it closely. References: George, Henry. Progress and Poverty: An Inquiry into the Cause of Industrial Depressions and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth: The Remedy Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page Co., 1879. Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty. Pelican Books, 1859.    How to cite Essay on Liberty and Society, Essay examples

Emerging Issues in Athlete Management Free Sample for Students

Questions: 1.What is Athlete Management? 2.What is Athlete Management mean to those Stakeholders And how do they all fit together like Governing Bodies, Player Associations? Answers: 1.Athlete Management Management as a concept carries different meanings that have been defined by different scholars. In simple terms, management is derived from the act of mastering, controlling or leading people. In business theory, scholars have used the term differently depending on the activities that are associated with it within the context o application. Universally, management is the act of getting things done following a set of procedures that have been defined. (Daft, 2003, P. 5) Suggests that it is the task of the manager to coordinate and put together various resources in an organization to achieve set objectives. In doing this; the manager uses planning, coordination, controlling, organizing, implementing and supervision to achieve the required objectives. Therefore Athlete management will entail coordinating sport related activities to achieve required results. Management styles adopted by leaders in the sport have several effects on the sport and those who participate in it. 2.Stakeholders in the field In Sports we have the following key aspects worth noting as we point at Athlete Management because they play a valuable role too. Stakeholders are individuals or organisations that have an interest in the sports activity and they use their abilities and powers to dictate and influence the outcomes in different ways (Thompson Sherman, 2016, P. 5). These stakeholders include Athlete, manager, spectators, and Sports governing bodies, Sports team and members of a community. The next level of stakeholders is participants who take part in the field sport activities of the game. There are different participants depending on their abilities and experience in the field. Those who are trying out for the first time are referred to as amateurs since they are trying to learn the rules of the game while those who have been there for sometime are legends. Steward Smith (1999, P. 89 ) argues that management aspects determine the number of participants since most of the Athletes and players seek for environments that will support them in ways that are better and professional. This boosts their well being which contributes greatly to their performance. Spectators are the most important part of any sports since they play the biggest role in the success of a particular sport. Sports competitions are organized in paid for places since the organizers understand that spectators will pay to watch the game which raises income for the participants and the bodies in charge. Teams struggle to attract participants and fun which culminate to money rather than their presence. However, Szymanski (2006, P. 21) that participants play both economicaland psychological roles to Athlete sincethey influence performance of individuals in any sport through cheering. Participants can be the community or general fans who love the sport. The community has a special bond with the team and will comprise of members who come from the same locality as the home ground of the team. Sports governing bodies play a critical role in regulating the Sport and mediating issues that relate to Athlete problems. Governing bodies are charged with the responsibility of controlling the sport through setting and reviews rules that govern the game and the sport at large. Every sport organization for example football and Athletes have their own organization that mobilizes and manages resources for the sport. Each country is supposed to have a national body that deals with athletics which is controlled by the international body (Gmez, et al., 2007, P. 12). However, the bodies have been described to suffer different challenges that vary from country to country which affect their effectiveness and ability to handle Sport related issues. Mrkonjic Geeraret (2012) Suggests that since the sports bodies are required to manage themselves and mobilise their own resources. They organise events that attract different participants, sponsors and spectators to generate resources that are used to run the orgnaisation. Where the organisation fails to support itself the national government will always step in to ensure smooth running of the sport. However, most sports have reaped heavily from corporate social responsibility where multinational and national companies have supported them through social responsibility funds. Role of Athlete Management Bjalevik Ferguson (2009, P. 4) suggest that Athlete management dates back t prehistoric times where sports were used as training tools for warriors and war. this was to enure that those who participated in wars were physically and mentally fit to take part in battles and win the war. selection for warriors was aggressive and only those who were deemed physically fit were taken in as warriors. As a way manging the fitness of al warriors, rigorus training was applied to keep the warriors up to the task. Just like today, Athlete management seeks to put them in shape and ready to compete anytime. Dijkstra, et al.(2014, P. 525) argues that Athlete management is to develop strategies that seek to keep the athete in shape and improve preparedness for future events. The manager identifies the key areas that the Athlete fits well and proposes a choice of the vent that the athlete takes part to maximise results. In most cases, athlete managers are called agents since they play the role of training and the same time strategic planners for the career of the athlete. The managers vary in their responsibilities, and the athlete can have one or several managers who play different roles in the career. These highly qualified professionals play a critical role in meeting the needs of athletes through seeking the best opportunities in the field that apply to the specific Athlete. Therefore the manager needs to have both technical and competency skills that can guide and enable athletes achieve professional gains in their career while at the same time being managed to make the right choices that will improve their career and not harm their physical health (Sherman Thompson, 2014, P. 6). When dealing with Athlete management, it is good to analyse the different aspects that the managers have like technical issues which they apply in the field. In Slovenia ugman et al. (2002) defined sports managers as workers who were exclusively dedicated to sports management. This was based on the rising level of professionalism in different sports and the participation in sports as the career and not a sport. The rise of commercial teams that needed professional payers who specialized only in the sport to work for them led to the need for sports managers. Sport managers were therefore tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that Athletes are in shape and they represented them when making deals and signing contracts that relate to the services that they provide. This gave rise to this field and the development of sports academies that trained different Athletes in sport areas for professional engagements. The Conceptual Framework for Athlete Management According to Wrisberg (1996, P. 395) quality of life for Athletes is an important factor in ensuring their safety and prosperity of the Sports. This leads to the need for Framework that highlights the way Management of the Sports can be done and key areas that need being focused on. There are high demands on Sports from a range of stakeholders raising keen interest on how Athletes are managed. Key areas in the sport that require to be focussed on are career development, athlete representation, athlete welfare, career development and emerging issues in the sport. The Conceptual Framework below outlines the impact of Athlete Management on the success of the Athlete. Professional Athlete Management contributes to high-performance, Athlete representation, career development and Athlete Welfare Figure 1: The Conceptual Framework of Athlete performance High-performance According to Bosscher Sotiriadou (2013) Athletes achieve high-performance through regular training and practising. Just like any other profession that requires training to master relevant skills for efficiency, Athletes also need adequate training and practising to improve their performance and ability to withstand stiff competition. These strategies include talent identification, coaching, Sports Sciences and Sports medicine support, availability of training equipment and event identification. (Lys ime (2008, P. 23) Suggests that managers need to ensure that Athletes are trained both physically and mentally to improve their performance. The aim of Athlete manager is to prepare the Athlete for competing in different environments that are different from their areas of residence and training. There are other measures that the manager takes like preventing injury, scheduling training, physical work ups and diet for the Athlete. In general, the manager is in charge of the Athletes life style as a way of ensuring physical fitness (Chelladurai Riemer 1997, P.135). This makes the Athlete achieve skill and physical competencies that can be applied on the track to yield better results. Unlike other games where strategies can be applied on the pith and substitutions made for the team, Athletes do not have those privileges and thus once out then it means that is the end of the race. De Bosscher (2013) argues that high-performance leads to high-performance standards that the Athlete exhibits when on track. This entails controlling muscle tone and at the same keeping up with the pressure from other competitors. Athletes who have highly trained can withstand competition based on high-performance standards that have been set by those who came before them. For example setting or breaking a world record entails high achievement levels that are above the individual who set the record. Athlete representation Managing Athletes entails representing them in different matters that relate to their profession. Indeed they are just professionals in the field who have mastered the art of performing on the field but may lack other skills that are important in management of their career. The role of the manger is thus to represent the Athlete in all matters that relate to their career like engagement in contracts, sponsorship and endorsement by different bodies. Further, the manager critically analyses any agreements that the Athlete engages in to ensure that the Athletes go through (Lussier Kimball, 2004, P. 12). Managing of resources has also been linked with Athlete managers with a call for managers to assist Athletes in managing the resources that they have to ensure that they can have a better life after retirement. Career development Andersen, et al. (2002, P. 99) Suggests that career development of Athletes needs to focus on different aspects of career development like emergency planning, health planning and career development. Career development is putting in place plans for the Athletes life after playing. McPherson (1980, P. 133) Suggests that Athletes have a shot career since as they age, other upcoming Athletes prove more powerful since they have more energy. Further, since the career is physical based, it means that retirement age can come early or late depending on the physical ability of the Athlete. The manager needs to assist the Athlete to manage their career well and choose when to strategically retire. On the other hand, counselling and planning is key in ensuing that the Athlete has a plan for the future based on their career. Some Athletes become managers of other athletes, others become ambassadors of global activities while others choose different careers. Preparing for life after sports and und erstanding the life cycles of their career provides psychology stability that is important in life after career. Athlete Welfare Welfare entails identifying issues in the life of the individual that need proper planning to avoid costs that relate to them. Managers need to cover a range of matters that revolve around the welfare to ensure that the career of the Athlete is protected. These include matters related to doping, being banned from events, mental health and counselling on the general life of leaving as a celebrity. Most Athletes are icons and celebrities in their countries. Therefore managers need to research and share relevant information with their clients to improve and protect their wellbeing and success of their career. Today sports organisations are channelling resources in this area through employing professional that can assist the Athletes and sports personalities, to cope with the state of being a sport personality, privileges and disadvantages that are associated with them. This includes strategies like how to talk to the media and being selective with information to avoid being quoted wrong ly. Indeed the world watches these personalities, and thus their welfare needs to be protected. Emerging Issues in Athlete Management There has been notable progress in the field with notable increase in the number of people who participate and watch the game. There are trends which are emerging and influencing the direction that the Sports may take in future. Ethical issues in Management bodies Management bodies have faced several integrity issues that have painted Management bodies in bad form. Corruption and discrimination have been described as major problems that have derailed performance of such bodies. Corruption has been highly reported in National Olympic bodies that are in charge of regulating Sports activities within the country. Byers (2016, P. 85) Suggests that Management bodies face ethical behaviour issuess that affect their service delivery and put the Athletes at risk. Entry of International Companies into Sports Management business The Sports world and especially Athlete world has experienced tremendous changes due to the presence of multimedia companies that are keen to manage them. Sports has become one of the major sources of revenue for most pay TV companies while other companies have come with a strategy of managing Athletes as their core business (Cafferata, 2004, P. 7). This means that Athletes need being protected by the law against ill driven companies that are out to swindle Athletes. It is a fact that some Athletes especially those who come from less developed countries are not fully informed on how to sign and limit their contract engagements with such companies. Athlete governing bodies need to develop strategies that can protect Athletes from such companies (Shropshire Davis, 2008, P. 12). These agent companies fight to control the Sports arena with deep interests in the advantages that employees receive. The need to transform Sports organisations from Associations to Joint Stock Companies Sports organisations have a lot of money which ends up in the hands of agents and companies that manage them. Athletes have been more vulnerable since the Sports is not seasonally prolonged like football. This means that agents have closer control of Athlete resources which ends up benefiting them more. There is need for Sports companies being transformed into stock companies to allow Athletes directly invest their resources rather than be at the mercies of their agents (Kartakoullis, 2009, P. 5). The Sports need new legal and Management methods that ensure those who participate are protected from fraud and at the same time, the problems that old Athletes faced in their career should not be faced by upcoming Athletes since times have changed. References Andersen, J. C., Courson, R. W. 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